KUTHANA NDI TIZILOMBO NDI MATENDA A KACHEWERE

Kasinthasintha wa malo olima mbewu

• Imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri pa kupewa matenda a Kachewere ndi kusinthasintha wa malo olima
• Kasinthasintha wa malo alima kumateteza kuti tizilombo toononga komanso matenda tisachulukane. Komanso kumapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale ya thanzi.
• Ndibwino kuti musinthanitse mbewu podzala mitundu ya mbewu zina yosiyanasiyana; pulogalamu yosintha mbewu yabwino ikhale posintha mtundu wa mbewu pakadusa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi.

 

Zilombo zowononga zikuluzikulu

Tizilombo timawononga zokolola. M'munsimu muli tizilombo towononga Kachewere kuno ku Malawi:

Njenjete za Mbatata (Potato Tuber Moth)

Njenjete pamwamba pa mbatata 

chowonongedwa ndi Njenjete

Zizindikiro:

• Njenjete ndi yaying'ono, yobiriwira imvi ndi mapiko opapatiza
• Njenjete zimaononga kwambiri makamaka cha kumadzulo
• Mbozi zake zili mpaka ma millimita 12 mulitali, zakhala ndi mtundu oyererapo kapena owezuka

Zomwe Njejete Zimaononga:

• Zimaboola mkati mwa mbatata kupanga tinjira tomwe timathanso kulowetsa matenda ena mbatata ikamaola
• Tingalande topangidwato timapangisa kuti Kachewere akhale osadyeka ndi anthu.
• Tizilomboti timasunthidwa limodzi ndi zokolora zomwe zimapasira matenda ku zokolora zina

Kupewa/Kuthanna ndi Njenjete

• Gwiritsani ntchito mbewu yabwino komanso yopanda matenda chifukwa mbewu yowonongeka ndiyomwe imayambitsa kuononga zinzake m'munda.
• Dzalanu pataliko mu nthaka (mulingo wabwino ukhale ma centimita osachepera 10) komanso yesesani kukwezera mizere kosachepera katatu
• Kukweza mizere kwambiri ndikofunika chifukwa zimakanikisa njenjete kukwera mizere ndi cholinga choti zifikire pa mbatata ndikuikira madzira.
• Chotsani zolokola zones mmunda kusanayambe kuda kuti njenjete zisaikire madzira
• Osasiya zokolora mu m’dima usiku onse zitakoloredwa
• Gwirisani ntchito mankhawala othamangitsa njenjete kuti zikanike kufikira mbatata monga Lantana camara and Eucalyptus.

 

Nsabwe za m’masamba

Nsabwe pamwamba pa tsamba ta Kachewere

Zizindikiro:

• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imazunza mbewu ya Kachewere monga green peach aphid, potato aphid & cotton aphid
• Nsabwezi zimapezeka makamaka kunsonga komanso kunsi kwa tsamba la mbewu

Zomwe Nsabwe Zimaononga:

• Kudya kwa nsabwe kumapangisa kuti masamba akule monyetchera.
• Nsabwezi zimasiya tiuchi mmasamba ndipo kachilombo ka virus kamafalikila mozungulira tiuchiti
• Nsabwezi zimafalitsanso Nthenda ya Potato Leaf Roll Virus imene ndiyovuta kwambiri mu ulimi wa Kachewere

Kupewa/ Kuthana ndi Nsabwe

• Kugwirisa ntchito mankhwala monga
  • Nuprid 200 SC® (a.i. Imidacloprid)
  • Karate 2.5WG® (a.i. Lambda Cyhalothrin)
• Phatikizani zomata kuti mutchere nsampha nsabwezi
• Tetezani kwambiri Kachewere yemwe mwamlima ngati ochulukitsa mbewu ku nsabwe
• Dzalanu mbewu pa muyezo wabwino

 

 Root Knot Nematode (Tinyongolotsi tosaoneka ndi maso)

Zizindikiro:

• Izi ndi tizilombo ting’onozing’ono tosaoneka ndi maso tomwe timakhala mu dothi
• Nyongolotsizi zimatha kuzindikiridwa ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimaoneka mu Kachewere
• Nyongolotsizi zimakonda malo ndipo matendawa amakhazikika kwambiri mu Kachewere olimidwa mmadera otentherapo

Zomwe Nyongolotsizi Zimaononga:

• Kunyentchera kwa Kachewere kosiyanasiyana,  chikasu m’masamba ndi kuuma kwa mbewu mwachangu madzi akachepa
• Kutupa ngati ka mpira m’ mitsitsi
• Khungu la mbatata limakhala lokhakhala
• Madonthomadontho oderapo mkati mwa mbatata mukaipala khungu pang’ono
• Nyongolotsizi zimafalikira kwambiri mu mbatata zowonongeka kale komanso mu dothi lomwe lagwidwa nazo
• Nyongolotsizi zimawonjezera matenda ofalitsidwa ndi bacterial ndi komanso matenda ena

Kupewa/ Kuthana ndi Root Knot Nematodes

• Kusinthasintha malo olima mbewu zosiyanasiyana
• Nthaka ya chonde ndi manyowa ambiri (manyowa, kompositi & "Bokashi" etc.)
• Kukataya / kuwononga zotsalira za mbewu
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankwala, monga

- Bio Nematon (The biologide Nemalogide)

 

Akangaude

Zizindikiro:

Pamaso, akangaude amaoneka ngati timadontho ting’onoting’ono koma tizilomboti timatha kuwoneka pogwiritsa ntchito galasi lokuzira tizinthu tating;ono kuti tionrke bwino (Magnifying glass)

• Amakhala m'magulu, makamaka kunsi kwa masamba ndipo amaluka ukonde wa kangaude
• Akangaude akuluakulu ali ndi miyendo 8 ndi thupi lozungulira lomwe lili ndi madontho awiri pamutu pake
• Mazira amakhala obulungika komanso owoneka bwino amakhala amtundu wa kirimu asanaswe
• Tizilomboti timawononga nthawi yotentha komanso kouma

Zomwe kangaude amaononga:

• Kangaude amawononga poyamwa ma madzi a masamba
• Poyamba, kuwonongeka kumawoneka ngati madontho opepuka pamasamba omwe nthawi zina amakhala ndi utoto
• Pakupita kwa nthawi masamba amasanduka achikasu ndikugwa
• Nthawi zambiri, masamba ndi tsinde zimakutidwa ndi ukonde wa kangaude wambiri
• Kuwon nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kwambiri zikaphatikizidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa madzi

 

Kupewa/ Kuthana ndi Akangaunde

• Thirani mankhwala oyenera omwe amapha magawo osiyanasiyana a kangaude (kuyambira mazira mpaka tizilomba tikulutikulu) monga mankwala awa:
  • Hattrick EC® (a.i. Oxydemeton-Methyl)
• Pofuna kupewa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kuti tisazolowere mankwala, kasinthasintha wa mankhwala omwe ali ndi kapangidwe kosiyanasiyana kumathandiza

 

Nyongolotsi zomwe zimadula mbewu - Cutworms

 

 

Zizindikiro:

• Ana a nyongolotsizi amakhala mu nthaka ndipo amadula mitsinde nthawi ya usiku
• Tizilomboti timawononga kwambiri nthawi yomwe kunja kwauma

Zomwe ma Cutworms amaononga:

• Ma Cutworms amadya mbatata ndi mizu, amabowola ndikusiya bowo lalikulu losazama kwambiri
• Ndi tizirombo towopsa kwambiri ku Kachewere yemwe wangophukira kumene, ndipo timatha kuwononga mbali yayikulu ya munda.

Kupewa/ Kuthana ndi ma Cutworms

• Kulima komanso kutola ndi manja
• Konzani m'munda ndikuwononga tchire lonse masiku 10 mpaka 14 musanadzale
• Kulima kumathandiza kuika poyera pa dzuwa tiziloboti ndipo zikatero timafa ndikutentha kwa dzuwa
• Kuthira madziochuluka m’munda(Flooding) musanadzalidwe kutha kuthandiza kupha tizilomboti tomwe tili mu dothi.

 

Matenda

 

Chiwawu chochita Kachewere ataika kale (Late Blight)

 

• Awa ndi matenda a fangasi omwe amakonda kuchitika kwambiri nthawi yozizira ndi yamvula

• Ndi imodzi mwa matenda owononga kwambiri Kachewere

Zizindikiro:

• Masamba ake amakhala ndi timadontho ngati panyowa omwe amakula ndi kusanduka bulauni
• Pansi pa tsambalo, pamasanduka nkhungu zoyera zomwe zimawonekera m'mphepete mwa tsambalo
• Masamba okhudzidwawo amafota, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala pa tsinde

Kupewa / Kuthana ndi Late Blight

• Kuli bwino kudzala mbewu zopilira ku  matenda  monga “Zikomo”/ “Chuma”
• Kudzala mbewu mwa kasinthasintha wa malo kumathandiza kupewa matendawa (Crop rotation)
• Yesetsani kukhala awukhondo popanga pozula ndi kuonongeratu mbewu iliyonse yopezeka ndi matenda
• Sankhani mbewu zoti sizimagwidwa ndi matenda
• Thirani mankhwala oyenerera onse opewera ndi ochizira matendawa

 

Bacterial Wilt /Thuku /  Getsi

 

• Matendawa amayamba ndi bakiteriya wotchedwa Pseudomonas solanacearum
• Ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri omwe amatha kuwononga munda wonse
• Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala m'nthaka kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo timalowa mmbewu kudzera m'mabala amizu ndi tsinde la tsinde.
• Matendawa amafala ndi mbewu ya mbatata yomwe ili ndi kachilombo kale

Zizindikiro:

• Kachewre yemwe wagwidwa matendawa amanyala ngakhale munthaka muli chinyezi chokwanira
• Kunyala kumachitika mwachangu ndipo munda onse Kachewere amafa m'masiku ochepa
• Zotuluka zoyera kuchokera ku mbatata kosalekeza kumatuluka mmaso mwa mbatata zomwe zakhudzidwa

Kupewa/ Kuthana ndi Bacterial wilt

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu yopanda matenda
• Phunzirani kasinthasintha wa malo olima mbeu (zaka 2 - 3) zulani ndi kuonongeratu mbatata zongomera pazonkha zomwe zingatuluke
• Kuotcha zinyalala ndi tchire za mmunda womwe wakhudzidwa
• Pewani kubweretsa dothi lochokera mmunda okhuzidwa ku munda watsopano
• Pewani kudula mbatata ngati njira yochulutsa mbeu mukakhala ndi mbatata yosakwanira
• Thilani 10 % ya sodium hypochlorite (bulichi) pa mbewu imodzi imodzi yogwidwa ndi matendawa pamene mukuyendera mmunda wanu
•  

Chiwawu cha koyambilira – Early Blight

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za Chiwawu

• Matendawa amayambika chifukwa cha fungasi otchedwa Altenaria solani

• Fungasi amatha kukhala mu zinyalala ndi tchire la mminda yokhudzidwa kwa zaka zingapo

• Matendawa amachita bwino malo omwe ali ndi chinyontho komanso ofundirapo

Zizindikiro:

• Choyamba, mawanga ozungulira kapena aang'ono oderapo  amawonekera pa tsamba la Kachewree
• Nthawi zambiri, malo okhakhala amakhala patsambapo ndipo limalowererana ndi kubiriwira kwa tsambalo
• Masamba oti agwidwa kwambiri ndi nthandayi pakadusa  nthawi amagwa okha

Kupewa / Kuthana ndi Chiwawu (Early Blight)

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu yopanda matenda
• Ukhondo wabwino wa m'munda pogwiritsa ntchito rouging
• Yesetsani Kasinthasintha wa mbeu
• Kuwononga zotsalira za mbeu zomwe zakhudzidwa
• Gwirisani ntchito mankhwala oyenera ophera chiwawu

 

Bacterial Soft Rot ( Matenda oworetsa mbatata)

• Matendawa amayamba chifukwa cha bakiteriya: Erwinia spp.

• Amalowa m'nthaka kudzera m'mabala a masamba kapena tsinde pafupi ndi nthaka

• Matendawa amachita bwino ndikukhala owopsa mu malo otentha a chinyontho

• Bakiteriya amafalikira ndi mvula

• M'minda yamadzi ambiri mu dothi lake, mbatata zimawola

Mbatata yogwidwa ndi Bacteria Soft Rot

Zizindikiro:

• Tsinde ndi masamba zimatuluka zotupa zomwe zimadzadzidwa ndi madzi, pamapeto pake zimawola ndi fungo loipa.
• Pa mbatata, timadontho tofiira tabulauni timapanga pa mphodza
• Zigawo zamkati za machubu zimawoneka zowola zofewa komanso zotsekemera zimawonekera ndipo zimatha kuwola panthawi yoyendetsa kapena kusungidwa m'malo mopanda mpweya wabwino, kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi.

Kuthana / Kupewa Bacterial Soft Rot

• Yesetsani kasinthasintha wa malo olima mbeu ndi mbewu monga chimanga
• Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu yabwino ya mbatata
• Onetsetsani kuti mmunda mwanu muike ngalande zochotsa madzi
• Sungani ndi kunyamula mbatata mu malo owuma,ndi a  mpweya wabwino
• Ukhondo m’munda mopanda tchire
• Kusankha bwino zokolora; zowola musanalongeze mukakolora

 

Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV)

• Awa ndi matenda a Kachewere omwe amapezeka m’madera onse omwe amalima Kachewere
• Amafalikira ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.(Aphids)
• Kachilomboka kamafalanso kudzera mmbewu yamatenda komanso Kachewere ongomera yekha yemwe zili ndi matendawa

Kachewere wa matenda a PLRV pafupi ndi Kachewere opand matenda

Zizindikiro:

• Kachewere yemwe matendawa akufalitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba, masamba amapindikira m'mwamba
• Kachewere yemwe matendawa amafalikila chifukwa chodzala mbewu ya matenda kale, masamba apansi amapindikira mmwamba (akamera) ndikukhala ngati supuni.
• Masamba okhudzidwa kwambiri amapindikilatu kupanga ngati kanjira kozungulira pakati
• Kachewere amapinimbira ndipo amaika mbatata ing’onoing’ono
• Ngati timbatatati tidzalidwanso ngati mbewu, Kachewere wake amakhala opinimbira ndipo saika bwino

Kupewa /Kuthana ndi PLRV

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pofuna kuthana ndi nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zimatha kufalitsa kachilomboka ku zomera za mbatata monga
  • Nuprid 200 SC (a.i. Imidacloprid)
  • Karate 2.5WG (a.i. Lambda Cyhalothrin)