Midzi ya malonda yikonze ndondomeko ya chakudya chokwanira anthu onse pa chaka ngati gawo la ndondomeko yachitukuko cha mudzi.

Dera liteteze zokolola pokhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo wothana ndi umbava wa zokolola.

Gulani mankhwala kwa wogulitsa wodalirika pagulu kuti pakhale mwayi wochotseledwa mtengo wogulira.

Yanikani zokolola mpaka zifike poumitsitsa (14%); Pewani kuyanika zokolola padothi

Mamembala a mudzi wa malonda asonkhanitse ndalama ndi zipangizo zomangira nyumba yosungiramo katundu osiyanasiyana

Pamodzi, midzi yochita malonda yigule zipangizo za ulimi monga zotonolera mbeu, masikelo ndi zigayo.

Gulitsani zokolola kwa wogula ndi wogulitsa wodziwika ndi wokhazikika kudzera m’kaundula wa pa eMlimi.

Chiyambi.

Kodi chukwu/nkhufi/nguwi ndi chiyani?

Zokolora zambiri zaulimi zimatha kutenga matenda angapo oyambitsidwa ndi fungi, mavairasi ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda. Matendawa amathanso kuyipitsa mbewu ndi poizoni wakupha. Fungi ndi amene amadetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Fungi ndi tizilombo tomwe timatha kukhala patokha komanso timapezeka mwachilengedwe mu nthaka, mpweya ndi madzi.Fungi amagwira mbeu makamaka nyengo ikakhala yabwino. Tizilombo tambiri ta mtundu wa fungi timatha kukhala  ndi ndi moyo wachilengedwe popanda zokolola zathu. Ma poizoni opangidwa ndi fungi amatchedwa mycotoxins (myco = fungi; toxin = poyizoni). Pafupifupi 25% yazinthu zonse zaulimi padziko lapansi zimagwidwa ndi chukwu(aflatoxin) ndi ma mycotoxins, izi zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chokwana ma tonne 1 biliyoni chionongeke chaka chilichonse. Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri ya poison wa fungi, ma aflatoxins kapena kuti chuku ndi odetsa nkhawa kwambiri makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwa kawopsedwe komwe kumakhudza thanzi la anthu komanso kuchepa kwachuma komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mbewu zosavomerezeka.

Zotsatira za aflatoxins.

Zakudya zomwe zimagwida ndi chuku monga za mtundu wa chimanga (chimanga, mawere, mpunga, mapira ndi tirigu), mbeu za mafuta (mtedza, soya ndi mpendadzuwa), zonunkhira (tsabola wakuda, chikasu ndi jinga) komanso mkaka wochokera ku ng'ombe zomwe zadya zakudya zogwidwa ndi chuku. Poizoni wa chuku (aflatoxins) sangawonongeke ndi kuphika. Kuipitsidwa kwa zakudya ndi Aflatoxin kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, kudya zakudya zoyipitsidwa kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zaumoyo ndipo chachiwiri, kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin kumakhudza mitengo yambeu kunsika yomwe imakhala yotsika kwambiri zomwe zimachepetsa phindu.

Zotsatira zaumoyo: Kudya zakudya zophatikizana ndi aflatoxins kumabweretsa poizoni wa aflatoxin wotchedwanso aflatooticosis. Kudya pafupipafupi zokudya zodetsedwa ndi afulatokosini mu milingo yochepa kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, kutsika kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi, kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi ndi kukula monyentchera kwa ana, pomwe kudya zakudya zogwidwa ndi afulatokosini  kumatha kupha.

Zowonongeka za chuma: chimanga ndi zinthu zina ndizofunikira monga gwero la ndalama zikagulitsidwa kwanuko zimatumizidwa kunja. Kuti ateteze anthu ku zovuta za mycotoxins, makamaka aflatoxin, European Commission yakhazikitsa malire oyenera a aflatoxin muzakudya zina. Mlingo wovomerezeka wa aflatoxin muzakudya za anthu ndi 4-30 ppb, kutengera dziko lomwe likukhudzidwa (FDA 2004; Henry et al. 1999). Ku United States, 20 ppb ndiye malire a aflatoxin omwe amaloledwa ku zakudya za anthu (FAO 2003). Chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa ndi aflatoxin zakudya zomwe sizingagulitsidwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chuma. Mwachitsanzo Malawi idataya pafupifupi 42% ya mbeu ya mtenga yomwe idagulitsidwa kunja mu chaka cha 2005 (Diaz-Rios ndi Jaffe 2008).

Kuthana ndi chuku mu mtedza (kapena mbeu za mafuta)

Momwe mbewu zimagwidwira ndi chuku.

Mbewu zimakonda kugwidwa ndi matenda a Aspergillus potsatira kukhala nthawi yayitali pa chinyezi kapena kuwonongeka kochokera munthawi  monga chilala, vuto lomwe limachepetsa chitetezo. (Harris et al. 1976). Mafangayi amatha kulowa (kumera ndi kuipitsa) nthawi iliyonse. Kulowa kapena kulowetsedwa kwa fangayi kumatha kuchitika mu imodzi mwa magawo atatu awa:

• Kulowetsedwa pakukula kwa mbeu

• Kulowa kwa fangayi pokolora

• Kulowa kwa fangayi mutatha kukolola komanso pokonza

Kulowetsedwa pakukula kwa mbeu.

Fangayi amagwira mbeu potengera ndondomeko zaulimi  zomwe zimapangitsa mbewu kuti izitengera matenda, zitsanzo zake ndi monga izi:

• Kubzala mobwerezabwereza kwa mbewu ya mtundu umodzi: Kubzala mobwerezabwereza mbewu zomwezo  kapena mbeu za m'gulu lomwelo kumathandizira kuchuluka kwa fangayi wa mtundu wa A.flavus zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fangayi agwire mbeu zili mmunda.

• Kubzala mochedwa: Mbeu zobzalidwa mochedwa nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi chilala cha kumapeto kwa nthawi yamvula komanso kuchuluka kwa tizirombo, makamaka chiswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaluma ndi kuboola mbeu ndi makoko ake zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fangayi apeze polowera.

• Chilala: Nthawi ya chilala, makoko a mtedza amasweka ndikuthandizira kulowa ndi kukula kwa Aspergillus.

• Kugwidwa ndi chiwe komanso kuchepa kwa ukhondo mmunda : Kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yogwidwa ndi chiswe kumaonjezera chiopsezo choti mbeu zionongedwe ndichiswe zomwe zimapereka mpata kuti fangayi alowe. Minda yosapalilidwa  imathandiziranso kuchuluka kwa chiswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kukulitsa chiopsezo cha matenda a Aspergillus.

Kulowetsedwa pokolora

Momwe mbewu zimasamalilidwira nthawi yokolora ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe matenga a fangayi angalowere. Zina mwa zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a fungus nthawi yokolora ndi monga:

• kusatsata ndondomeko zoyenerapo kolora: Mtedza nthawi zambiri umakololedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makasu zomwe zimatha kuwononga mtedza mosavuta, ndikupanga malo olowera fangayi. Mtedza ndi  ndi mtedza wa mtundu wa Bambara umatha kutenga kachilombo ka Aspergillus kuchokera m'nthaka ngati utakololedwa ndikutsalira dothi. Mbewu monga chimanga, mapira ndi mpendadzuwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakololedwa ndikuziumika pamtunda, zitha kugwidwa mosavuta ndi fangasi yemwe amapezeka pansi.

• Kulolora nthawi isanakwane: Kukolola mtedza usanaume kumawonjezera chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi matenda a fungasi.

Kulowa kwa fangasi mutatha kukolora komanso potuta.

Zomwe zimaonjezera chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi matenda mukakolola mbewu ndi izi:

• Kuyanika kosayenera: Kuyanika padenga kapena pansi kumapangitsa kuti mbewuzo zizikhala ndi chinyezi zomwe zimaonjezera kuchuluka  kwa fangayi..

• Kuswa kosayenera: Kuchita zinthu monga kuwaza madzi makoko amtedza  kuti muchepetse kuti zipangitse kukhala kosavuta kuswa komanso kuonjezera kulemera kwa mtedza kuti muonjezere kulemera ndicholing choti  mupeze phindu lochulukirapo la msika kumayambitsa matenda a Aspergillus flavus. Mchitidwe wina woipa ndikupunthira mtedza muthumba.

• Kuumitsa mbeu kosayenera: Kuumitsa mtedza mopitilira muyeso kumapangitsa kuti makoko achite ming’alu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matenda a fangasi agwire mbeu mosavuta.

• Kukuta mtedza pamodzi ndi dothi: Kunyamula mtedza limodzi ndi dothi kumanyamula fangasi ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti matenda oyamba ndi fungus asungidwe mu zokolora.

• Kusasankha zokolora mmagiledi: Kusasankha kokolora moyenera kumapangitsa kuti  mtedza oonongeka komanso ophwanyika usakanikirane ndi mtedza wabwinobwino, izi zimalowetsa matenda ku zokolora. Mtedza wabwinobwino usasungidwe pamodzi ndi mtedza osweka.

• Kusunga mbeu malo osayenera: Kusunga mbeu malo a chinyontho mkomanso chinyezi ndi malo njenjete ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso malo omwe kuzungulira kwa mpweya sikukuyenda bwino  kumathandizira kutentha, izi zimapangitsa kuti fangasi akule.

• Manyamulidwe a mbeu osayenera: Kuyendetsa mbeu m'magalimoto okhala ndi madenga otseguka kumatha kunyowetsa mbeu pamene kwagwa mvula yadzidzidzi, chinyezichi chimaonjezera chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa fangasi.

Momwe mungachepetse kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin

Kuchuluka ndi kufala  kwa fangasi ndi kuipitsidwa ndi aflatoxin mu mbewu kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo: zina zimakhala zachilengedwe pomwe zina ndi zogwirizana ndi kasamalidwe ka mbewu. Alimi sangathe kuchitapo kanthu pa zachilengedwe; komabe, atha kusintha njira zaulimi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbewu kuti muchepetse matenda a fangasi, kukula ndi kupanga kwa aflatoxin.

Njira zosamalira mbewu zomwe zimachepetsa matenda m'munda

Njira izi zikulimbikitsa kuchepetsa kwa kugwidwa ndi fangasi mbeu zili mmunda.

 • Kubzala koyambirira: Kubzala koyambirira kumathandizira mbewu kuti ithawe chilala cha kumapeto kwa nyengo ya mvula chomwe chimapangitsa kuti makoko aume komanso achite ming’alu zomwe zimaika mbeu pa chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi fangasi otchedwa A.flavus.

• Kuonetsetsa ukhondo wa m'munda: Kupalira munthawi yake kumathandiza kuti nthaka ikhale chinyontho chofunikira kuti mbewu zikule bwino komanso kupewa kupewa kutha kwachinyontho mmunda zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makoko a mbeu achite ming’alu. Kuteteza mbeu ku chiswe ndikofunikira kuti mbeu zisalumidwe ndikuikidwa pa chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi fangasi.

• Kukolora madzi m'munda: Chilala chimaonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a fangsi mmunda. Alimi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti amasunga chinyontho m'minda yawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yomangiriridwa (mizere yamabokosi) kumathandizira kudikha kwamadzi mu dothi, potero kumachepetsa kufalikira kwa matenda a A.flavus. Mizere ya mabokosi iyenera kuikidwa koyambirira kwa nthawi yobzala kuti madzi azungike ndikuchepsetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha ng’amba. Kuphimbira mbeu kumathandizanso kuti madzi asungidwe.

• Kusintha nthaka: Kugwiritsa ntchito laimu ku mbewu kumathandizira kuti makoko akhale olimba. Makoko olimba amapereka chitetezo choyambalira ku matenda a fangasi.

Njira zosamalira mbeu zomwe zimachepetsa matenda pokolola

Izi ndi njira zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi  matenda pochepetsa chiopsezo choti mbeu kapena makoko asweke ndikupereka mpata ku tizilombo ta fangasi.

• Kukolora mbeu zikafika pa nsikhu oyenera: Maso osakhwima amakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri ndipo amathandizira kufalikira ndikukula, ndi kuipitsidwa ndi aflatoxin. Chifukwa chake, kukolola pa nthawi yoyenera pomwe mbewuyo yakhwima kumachepetsa chiopsezo choti  mbewuyo ingakumane ndi kutentha kwambiri, mvula yadzidzidzi kapena chilala, zomwe zimathandizanso kumatenda.

Kupewa kuononga makoko: Muyenera kusamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito makasu kuti musaononge makoko. Kukolola moyenera, mlimi ayenera kukumba molambalala mizu kuti asaononge mtedza uli mmakoko.

Kuchotsa dothi: Ndikofunika kuchotsa dothi lonse lomwe limatsalira kuizu m'nthawi yokolola kuti mupewe kunyamula fangasi kupita naye Kumalo osungira mbeu ndi malo opangira zinthu kuchokera kumbeu.

Njira zosamalira mbewu zomwe zimachepetsa kuipitsidwa mukakolola.

Kasamalidwe ka mbeu vuto linanso lalikulu pa matenda a fangasi. Njira zomwe alimi ayenera kutsata zitha kuikidwa mmagawo awiri:

Pakhomo.

• Kuyanika koyenera: Kuyanika padenga kapena pamtunda kumayambitsa chinyezi ndipo kumathandizira kukula kwa fungus komwe kumayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa aflatoxin. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Mandela Corks (podutsa mpweya wabwino) ndi njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri youmitsira mtedzai ndipo imakondedwa kwambiri chifukwa imachepetsa kuombedwa ndi dzuwa.. Mandela Corks  akuyenera kumangiriridwa pa pulatifomu yokwezeka, kusiya malo opanda kanthu pakati kuti mpweya uziyenda bwino mkati mwa chipangizocho.

• Kusenda makoko koyenera: Kuwaza madzi pa makoko posenda kumaonjezera chinyezi, izi zimaika pachiopsezo chogwidwa ndi mafangasi. Ndikofunika nthawi zones kuti musanyowetse makoko posenda. Kugwiritsa ntchito masheluche amakina kumathandizanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

• Kusankha mbeu ndikusiyanitsa magiledi: Fangasi amalowerera mosavuta mu makoko osweka kapena owonongeka. Alimi ayenera kutchotsa mbeu za maso ang’onoang’ono, zosweka komanso zokwinyika.

Kusungidwa poyenera:Pamene tizilombo talowa mumbeu, timapangitsanso kuti fangasi apeze polowera, ndipo pamapeto pake aflatoxin amaipitsa zokolora zathu. Zokolora ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo owuma komanso otetezeka pomwe kulowa kwa tizilombo ndi chinyezi sikungatheke.

Malangizo ochepetsera kuipitsidwa kosungidwa

Sungani mbewu pamalo wouma.

• Matumba asanjidwe pamwamba pa matabwa kuti asachite chinyezi.

Onetsetsani kuti malo osungira ndiotchingidwa bwino ndi denga kuti mvula isanyowetse mbeu. Onetsetsani kuti zipinda zosungiramo zinthu zaukhondo kuti mupewe kuipitsidwa kuchokera mmbuyomu.

• Pogwiritsani ntchito zida zabwino zosungiramo, matumba okhala ndi mipata ndi oyenera kwambiri. Ngati matumba a nayiloni agwiritsidwa ntchito mabowo ena owonjezera amafunika kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino mpweya kapena kusungiramo kwa nthawi yochepa chabe.

Onetsetsani kuti mtedza suwukulumidwa ndi tizilombo komanso makoswe kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka.

• Onetsetsani kuti malo osungirapo mbeu amapita bwino mpweya.