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CHUKU

CHUKU

Kuthana ndi chuku mu mtedza - Momwe mbewu zimagwidwira ndi chuku.

Mbewu zimakonda kugwidwa ndi matenda a Aspergillus potsatira kukhala nthawi yayitali pa chinyezi kapena kuwonongeka kochokera munthawi  monga chilala, vuto lomwe limachepetsa chitetezo. (Harris et al. 1976). Mafangayi amatha kulowa (kumera ndi kuipitsa) nthawi iliyonse. Kulowa kapena kulowetsedwa kwa fangayi kumatha kuchitika mu imodzi mwa magawo atatu awa:

• Kulowetsedwa pakukula kwa mbeu

• Kulowa kwa fangayi pokolora         

• Kulowa kwa fangayi mutatha kukolola komanso pokonza

Kulowetsedwa pakukula kwa mbeu.

Fangayi amagwira mbeu potengera ndondomeko zaulimi  zomwe zimapangitsa mbewu kuti izitengera matenda, zitsanzo zake ndi monga izi:

• Kubzala mobwerezabwereza kwa mbewu ya mtundu umodzi: Kubzala mobwerezabwereza mbewu zomwezo  kapena mbeu za m'gulu lomwelo kumathandizira kuchuluka kwa fangayi wa mtundu wa A.flavus zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fangayi agwire mbeu zili mmunda.

• Kubzala mochedwa: Mbeu zobzalidwa mochedwa nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi chilala cha kumapeto kwa nthawi yamvula komanso kuchuluka kwa tizirombo, makamaka chiswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timaluma ndi kuboola mbeu ndi makoko ake zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fangayi apeze polowera.

• Chilala: Nthawi ya chilala, makoko a mtedza amasweka ndikuthandizira kulowa ndi kukula kwa Aspergillus.

• Kugwidwa ndi chiwe komanso kuchepa kwa ukhondo mmunda : Kugwiritsa ntchito malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yogwidwa ndi chiswe kumaonjezera chiopsezo choti mbeu zionongedwe ndichiswe zomwe zimapereka mpata kuti fangayi alowe. Minda yosapalilidwa  imathandiziranso kuchuluka kwa chiswe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kukulitsa chiopsezo cha matenda a Aspergillus.

Kulowetsedwa pokolora

Momwe mbewu zimasamalilidwira nthawi yokolora ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe matenga a fangayi angalowere. Zina mwa zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a fungus nthawi yokolora ndi monga:

• kusatsata ndondomeko zoyenerapo kolora: Mtedza nthawi zambiri umakololedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makasu zomwe zimatha kuwononga mtedza mosavuta, ndikupanga malo olowera fangayi. Mtedza ndi  ndi mtedza wa mtundu wa Bambara umatha kutenga kachilombo ka Aspergillus kuchokera m'nthaka ngati utakololedwa ndikutsalira dothi. Mbewu monga chimanga, mapira ndi mpendadzuwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakololedwa ndikuziumika pamtunda, zitha kugwidwa mosavuta ndi fangasi yemwe amapezeka pansi.

• Kulolora nthawi isanakwane: Kukolola mtedza usanaume kumawonjezera chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi matenda a fungasi.

Kulowa kwa fangasi mutatha kukolora komanso potuta.

Zomwe zimaonjezera chiopsezo chogwidwa ndi matenda mukakolola mbewu ndi izi:

• Kuyanika kosayenera: Kuyanika padenga kapena pansi kumapangitsa kuti mbewuzo zizikhala ndi chinyezi zomwe zimaonjezera kuchuluka  kwa fangayi..

• Kuswa kosayenera: Kuchita zinthu monga kuwaza madzi makoko amtedza  kuti muchepetse kuti zipangitse kukhala kosavuta kuswa komanso kuonjezera kulemera kwa mtedza kuti muonjezere kulemera ndicholing choti  mupeze phindu lochulukirapo la msika kumayambitsa matenda a Aspergillus flavus. Mchitidwe wina woipa ndikupunthira mtedza muthumba.

• Kuumitsa mbeu kosayenera: Kuumitsa mtedza mopitilira muyeso kumapangitsa kuti makoko achite ming’alu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti matenda a fangasi agwire mbeu mosavuta.

• Kukuta mtedza pamodzi ndi dothi: Kunyamula mtedza limodzi ndi dothi kumanyamula fangasi ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti matenda oyamba ndi fungus asungidwe mu zokolora.

• Kusasankha zokolora mmagiledi: Kusasankha kokolora moyenera kumapangitsa kuti  mtedza oonongeka komanso ophwanyika usakanikirane ndi mtedza wabwinobwino, izi zimalowetsa matenda ku zokolora. Mtedza wabwinobwino usasungidwe pamodzi ndi mtedza osweka.

• Kusunga mbeu malo osayenera: Kusunga mbeu malo a chinyontho mkomanso chinyezi ndi malo njenjete ndi chinyezi chambiri komanso malo omwe kuzungulira kwa mpweya sikukuyenda bwino  kumathandizira kutentha, izi zimapangitsa kuti fangasi akule.

• Manyamulidwe a mbeu osayenera: Kuyendetsa mbeu m'magalimoto okhala ndi madenga otseguka kumatha kunyowetsa mbeu pamene kwagwa mvula yadzidzidzi, chinyezichi chimaonjezera chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa fangasi.